London-founded neobank for spending, transfers and FX. Its EU business runs through Revolut Bank UAB, licensed in Lithuania and supervised by the ECB, so EU customers bank under EU law – but the group is headquartered in the UK (outside the EU) and runs on AWS rather than its own infrastructure.
Revolut's group headquarters is in London, outside the EU; its EU customers are served by Revolut Bank UAB, which holds a full EU banking licence from the ECB via the Bank of Lithuania.
18/30
Ownership & control
VC-backed, no non-EU parent
Why this score?
Revolut is heavily venture-backed, including by SoftBank, Tiger Global, Index, and Balderton, with no single controlling parent.
15/25
Data sovereignty
US cloud, EU-region hosted
Why this score?
Revolut runs on AWS, using an EU region for EU customers, rather than its own data centres.
10/30
Accountability & trust
GDPR compliant
Why this score?
Revolut isn't open source and hasn't published independent audits.
German neobank with a full banking licence from BaFin, operating across 23 European countries. Founded in Berlin in 2013, converted to a pan-European Societas Europaea (SE) in January 2025, and fully focused on Europe after exiting the US in 2021.
Amsterdam-based, publicly-listed (Euronext Amsterdam) payments company built full-stack: Adyen owns and operates its entire payment infrastructure on its own data centres, and European card data is kept in Europe. A single platform for online, in-app and in-person payments used by large enterprises. PCI DSS Level 1 certified and independently audited as a licensed European bank.
Dutch payment processor trusted by 250,000+ European businesses. Founded in 2004 by Adriaan Mol who remains CEO and majority shareholder. Supports iDEAL, Bancontact, SEPA and all major European payment methods.
UK digital bank, cloud-native on AWS since day one and regulated by the FCA/PRA. Caveat: it is UK-only, with no EU entity or EU banking licence, and post-Brexit both the bank and its AWS hosting sit under UK jurisdiction rather than the EU.