European alternatives to Zotero
US non-profit open-source reference manager for researchers.
Corporation for Digital Scholarship · Outside Europe
About Zotero
- Company
- Corporation for Digital Scholarship
- HQ
- United States
- Zone
- Outside Europe
Key concerns
Non-European ownershipSubject to US CLOUD Act
#1
Citavi
51 · Mixed OriginsA long-established reference-management and knowledge-organisation tool popular in German-speaking academia, developed in Switzerland. Now owned by US firm Lumivero.
Freemium · from Free tier available Free tier EFTA
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Did you know? Storing data on European servers does not protect you from US law if the company is American-owned.
Why avoid United States-owned services?
CLOUD Act
Allows US authorities to compel American companies to hand over data stored anywhere in the world.
FISA Section 702
Permits mass surveillance of non-US persons' data held by US tech providers, without a warrant.
GDPR vs US law
Transferring personal data to US companies may conflict with EU data protection rules under GDPR.